Free Medical Study

GASTROENTEROLOGY
Abdomen distension 
Causes 
Mnemonic: 6 Fʼs 
F          Fat 
F         Fetus 
F         Flatus 
F         Faeces 
F         Fluid 
F         Flipping great tumour 

Chronic liver disease 
Signs 
Mnemonic: ABCDEFGHIJ 
A         Asterixis (ʻliver flapʼ)/Ascites/Ankle oedema/Atrophy of testicles 
B         Bruising/BP. 
C         Clubbing/Colour change of nails; white (leuconychia) 
D         Dupuytrenʼs contracture 
E         Erythema (palmar)/Encephalopathy 
F         hepatic Foetor 
G         Gynaecomastia
H         Hepato splenomegaly 
I           Increase in size of parotids 
J          Jaundice 

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 
Features of ulcerative colitis 
Mnemonic: ULCERS IN Abdomen 
U         Ulcers (mucosal and submucosal) 
L          Large intestine (rectum always involved. May extend proximally to involve
entire colon) 
C         Clubbing 
E         Extra-intestinal manifestations 
R         Remnants of old ulcers (pseudopolyps) 
S         Stools bloody 
I           Inflamed, red, granular mucosa and sub mucosa 
N         Neutrophil invasion 
A         Abscesses in crypts 

Complications of ulcerative colitis 
Mnemonic: How To Perform GI Colonoscopy 
H         Haemorrhage 
T         Toxic megacolon 
P         Perforation 
G         Gallstones 
C         Colorectal carcinoma (in those with extensive disease for > 10 years) 

Morphology and symptoms of Crohnʼs disease 
Mnemonic: CHRIS Has Too Much Diarrhoea and Abdominal pain 
C         Cobblestone appearance of mucosa 
H         High temperature 
R         Reduced lumen/Rose-thorn ulcers 
I           Intestinal fistulae/Ileo-caecal region commonly involved (40% of cases) 
S         Skip lesions 
H         Hyperplasia of mesenteric lymph nodes 
T         Transmural inflammation (all layers, may ulcerate) 
M         Malabsorption 
D         Diarrhoea (watery) 
A         Abdominal pain